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Footnotes 1223
in the South, but there is notorious under-registration of deaths in the South and expert
opinion seems to hold to a lower specific death rate in the North. While there are
influences which tend to raise the death rate for Negroes in the North—such as novel
climate, novel diet, and perhaps greater exposure to venereal disease—^the influences
which work to make the Negro death rate lower in the North than in the South seem
a friori—^to be more important. In the North there is much easier access to modern
medical facilities; the standard of living is higher; and Negroes are better educated.
The death rate of infants and children is unequivocally lower in the North, even if that
for adults is not.
Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940, Population, Preliminary Release:
Series P-5, No. 4. Because of deficiencies in census enumeration, these figures are not
perfect. Also the nonwhite rate covers colored persons other than Negroes. A large dif-
ference in the declines, however, is certain.
Studies showing the relation between income and vital rates among Negroes are:
Philip M. Hauser, “Differential Fertility, Mortality, and Net Reproduction in Chicago,
1930,” unpublished Ph.D. thesis. The University of Chicago (1938), Frank W.
Notestein, “Differential Fertility in the East North Central States,” The Milbank
Memorial Fund Quarterly (April, 1938). Clyde V. Kiser, “Birth Rates and Socio-
Economic Attributes in I 93 S>” "^be Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly (April, 1939).
Sixteenth Census of the United States: ig40y Population, Second Series, State
Table 4.
U. S. Bureau of the Census, A Century of Population Growth in the United States:
lygo’-igooy p. 86, and U. S. Bureau of the Census, Negroes in the United States:
ig2o~ig$2y p. 21.
Clyde V. Kiser, “Fertility of Harlem Negroes,” The Milbank Memorial Fund
Quarterly (July, 1935), p. 275,
For a short review of this discussion, see Samuel A. Stouffer and Lyonel C. Florant,
“Negro Population and Negro Population Movements, i860 to 1940, in Relation to
Social and Economic Factors,” unpublished manuscript prepared for this study (1940)
(revised by Lyonel C. Florant under title, “Negro Migration—1860-1940” [1942])
Chapter III, pp. 15-25.
There are several other factors to take into account when explaining the general
inarticulateness of practical thinking on population in America; see Gunnar Myrdal,
Population: A Problem for Democracy (1940), pp. 24-30 and 66-72, and Alva Myrdal,
Nation and Family (1941), pp. 9-10. General statements on American population
policy may be found in Frank Lorimer, Ellen Winston, and Louise K. Kiser, Founda-
tions of American Population Policy (1940) ; and Frederick Osborn, Preface to Eugenics
(1940)*
It is a public secret that the National Resources Committee before publishing its
report. The Problems of a Changing Population (1938), found itself obliged to take
out the discussion of birth control contained in the original draft.
Compare Alva Myrdal, op, cit,y Chapters VII and VIII.
W. Montague Cobb, “The Negro as a Biological Element in the American Popula-
tion,” Journal of Negro Education (July, 1939), p. 347.
W. E. B. Du Bois, “Black Folk and Birth Control,” Birth Control Review (June.
1932), p. 167. George S. Schuyler takes a position similar to that of Du Bois in the
following statement:
“The question for Negroes is this: Shall they go in for quantity or quality in children?
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