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Footnotes 1277
other immigrants, not yet imbued with American race prejudice. Then, too, there is no
guarantee that conflicts would be avoided, were this practice to be followed on a larger
scale than hitherto. Still it should be tried. Even a partial success would be extremely
valuable.
Federal Works Agency, Second Annual Refort p. 382.
Ibid,y p. 8.
Anne E. Geddes, Trends in Relief ExfenditureSy 1910-ig$s (l 937)> pp* 21 and
92-94.
In 1 890 somewhat more than i per cent of the total population and somewhat less
than I per cent of the Negro population was cared for in public almshouses. The diflFer-
ence was due to the fact that almshouse care was less extensive, in proportion, in the
South than it was elsewhere. In the South, Negroes and whites had about the same
proportions cared for in almshouses; in the North the proportion of Negroes cared for
was twice as high as the proportion of whites. Thus, public relief agencies in the North
and in the South showed about the same difference in their attitude toward Negroes
as has characterized them during recent years. See the following table:
“Paupers** is Almshouses ih 1890
Race United States
The North
and the West The South
Mumbers
All Races 73.045 59,896 *3,149
Negro* 6,467 2,013 4,454
Percentage of total population
All Races 1.2 1.4 .6
Negro .9 2.8 •7
Sources: Eleventh Census of the United States: 1890. Report on Crime, ’’Pauperism and Benevolence in
the United States/’ Part 2, p. 651. U.S. Bureau o£ the Census, Negroes in the United States: 1920-Z932, p. 5.
Grace Abbott, From Relief to Social Security (1941), p. 9.
Sterner and Associates, of. cit.y Part 2, particularly pp. 219-230.
Idem.
Idem.
®^The period 1933-1935 stands somewhat apart in the history of public assistance.
We may call this the F.E.R.A. period, since the main welfare agency during these years
was the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. State and local agencies were being
organized, but the federal government carried the main financial responsibility over
the whole field and particularly in the South. Eventually a certain specialization among
various aspects of the relief work was brought about, and this trend was precipitated
around 1935-1936 when the social security program and various special programs were
inaugurated; at the same time a strict demarcation line was drawn between, on the one
hand, the responsibilities of the federal government and, on the other, those of state
and local governments.
In October, 1933, Negro relief rates in urban areas of Northern states with 1 00,000
or more Negroes varied between 25 and 40 per cent, and they were usually between
three and four times higher than the white rates. The corresponding state figures for
urban Negroes in the South varied between 10 and 33 per cent and were usually two
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