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disputes of a menacing character have been
averted.
I shall not here give a detailed account of
all these instances, but only with the greatest
conciseness refer to some of them.
In 1794 a contest between England and the
United States of America respecting St. Croix
river was settled by arbitration; in 1803 France
was in the same way condemned to pay
18 million francs to the United States of
America for unlawful seizure of vessels; in
1818 a threatening dispute between Spain
and the United States of America was
settled by arbitration, and a contention between
these and England was arranged by the
Emperor of Russia, who was chosen as arbitrator,
etc.
The best known of such disputes was the
so-called Alabama question, which threatened
a desolating world-war. This affair sprang
out of the North American civil war 1861–65.
The Southern States had privateers built in
England, among which the Alabama especially
wrought great mischief to the Northerners.
The Government of the Union considered that
England had broken her neutrality in allowing
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