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- Arbitration
- Neutrality
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countermarching of armies, or smaller
detachments, even of single officers or soldiers.
A canal or a strait may be so neutralized, on
the other hand, that all warlike operations are
forbidden in it, but nevertheless it is open for
passage through, yet upon condition that no
belligerent has a right, in passing through, to
land upon the shores of the neutralized region.
This is the kind of neutralization which
appears applicable to the Scandinavian seas.
One question which for a long time came up
constantly at the congresses of Peace Societies,
was the Neutralization of the Suez Canal,
until it became at last solved in practice. After
tedious negotiations, this burning question was
settled by an agreement between England and
France in the treaty of October 24, 1887, which
was later entered into by the other powers
interested; and that important channel of
communication became at all times inviolate.[1]
[1] The most important provisions of the treaty are the
following:—
Article 1. The Suez Canal shall always be free and open
whether in time of war or peace, for both merchant and
war-ships, whatever flag they carry. The treaty-powers
therefore decide that the use of this canal shall not be limited
either in time of peace or war. The canal can never be
blockaded.
Article 4. No fortifications which can be used for military
operations against the Suez Canal, may be erected at any
point which would command or menace it. No points
which command or menace its entrance or course may be
occupied in a military sense.
Article 5 provides that, although the Suez Canal shall be
open in war-time, no belligerent action shall take place in
its vicinity or in its harbours, or within a distance from its
area which shall be determined by the international
committee that watches over the canal.
Article 6 is a continuation of the foregoing and runs
thus: In time of war none of the belligerent powers are
permitted to land, or to take on board, ammunition or other
war material, either in the canal or in its harbours.
Article 8. The powers are not allowed to keep any
war-ship in the waters of the canal. But they may lay up
war-ships in the harbours of Port Said and Suez to a number
not exceeding two of any nation.
Article 9. The representatives in Egypt of the powers
who signed the treaty shall be charged with seeing to its
fulfilment. In all cases where free passage through the
canal may be menaced, they shall meet upon the summons
of the senior member to investigate the facts. They shall
acquaint the Khedive’s Government with the danger
anticipated, that it may take the measures needful to secure the
safety and unimpeded use of the canal. They shall meet
regularly once a year to ascertain that the treaty is properly
observed. They shall most especially require the
deposition of all works and dispersion of all collections of troops
which on any part of the area of the canal might either
design or cause a menace to the free passage or to the
security thereof.
Article 10 treats of the obligations of the Egyptian
Government and runs thus:—
The Egyptian Government shall, so far as its power by
firman goes, take the measures necessary for enforcing the
treaty. In case the Egyptian Government has not adequate
means it shall apply to the Sublime Porte, which will then
consult with the other signatories of the London treaty of
March 17, and with them make provision in response to
that application.
Article 14 sets forth: Beyond the duties expressed and
stipulated for in the paragraphs of this treaty, the sovereign
rights of his Imperial Majesty the Sultan are in no way
curtailed, nor are the privileges and rights of his Highness
the Khedive as defined by the firman.
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