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778
X. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES OF 8WEDbN.
the total demand of the country both for starch and for the refined products
thereof. In years with an average potato-crop, the weight of potatoes employed
in the manufacture of potato-flour, etc., is between 200,000 and 300,000 quintals.
The refuse matter from the manufacture is used as cattle-fodder.
Liquid glucose (starch-syrup) is prepared from starch by heating it together
with diluted sulphuric acid. Liquid glucose is used in large quantities in the
production of pressed fruit-conserves, owing to its retaining a gelatinous
consistency and not crystallizing. By sågo is meant strictly the starch obtained from
the stems of the sago-palm and other allied varieties of the palm or of arrow-root,
but an imitation sågo is nowadays prepared in large quantities from ordinary starch.
Macaroni is prepared from wheat flour of a very glutinous quality by
stirring it thoroughly with a small quantity of warm water; the semi-solidified maæ
so obtained is then pressed into moulds or through orifices of suitable shape;
hence are obtained hollow tubes, ribbons, vermicelli, peas, etc.
Starch, liquid glucose, pearl sågo, and dextrine are usually manufactured in
one and the same factory, macaroni, on the other hand, at special factories.
Margarine Factories.
The raw material out of which margarine was originally made was tallow,
it being tried at a low temperature to form what is termed »premier juice». This
is subsequently made to solidify to some extent, whereupon a fluid portion,
oleomargarine, subjected to pressure and mixed with milk or cream, is churned till
it assumes the consistency and appearance of butter. For reasons of economy,
other articles are at times substituted for oleo-margarine, such as oil of lard,
chiefly from America, and vegetable oils, such as gingitic, cotton, and palm oil.
The manufacture of margarine was first started in France in 1869 by
Mége-Mouriés. In Europe, Holland is now the country where most is manufactured,
while England is the country where most is consumed. The first factory in
Sweden was built in 1881 in Helsingborg. In 1900, there existed 6 factories, the
largest, in Gothenburg, turning out 43 % of the whole production, that year
amounting to 105,345 quintals. As there was an import the same year of 3,400
quintals and an export of 120, the actual consumption amounted to 108,625 quintals,
or 2112 kilogr. per inhabitant. There is at present a distinct increase to be
observed in the consumption of this article. For the sake of comparison, it may be
noted that the consumption of natural butter is about 51./» kilograms per inhabitant.
The manufacture of margarine in Sweden, in virtue of a Law of July 12,
1898, is now superintended in every factory by a Comptroller, specially appointed
by the governor of the Län. On the other hand, there is no security as to the
imported margarine having been subjected to control in manufacture.
The sale of margarine was also by the same law rendered liable to certain
restrictions, with a view to preventing any chance of its being mistaken for natural
butter. The price of margarine varies according to its quality, but it may be
stated as a general thing that it is sold at V» or 3/i of butter prices. — By far
the greatest import is from Norway; many of the Norwegian factories have latterly
put up branch establishments in Sweden.
It may be noted in this place that in 1900 there existed in Sweden 9 tallow
refineries and 1 oleo-margarine factory, their united output amounting in value
to 588,000 kronor.
Of låte years there have also been established several factories for the
production of margarine cheese, which is prepared of an emulsion of separated mill:
and oleo-margarine or substitutes for it. According to law, margarine cheese shall
on the outside be coloured red.
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