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986 XIII. INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS OF SWEDEN.
by the Government. The private railways, on the other hand, are
managed by Boards appointed by the railway companies concerned, in
which, in case any public loans or government subventions of any kind
have been given, the Government usually has one representative.
Since 1902, there exists at the side of the Railway Board, a Railtray
Council, appointed by the Government and consisting of six representatives of
different social interests. This Council is to express itself regarding the more
important economical questions submitted to it, either by the Government or by
the Railway Board, the chief of which latter also is ex officio chairman of the
Railway Council.
Concessions for the construction of private railways are, as a rule,
granted by the Government, which also fixes the tariffs for the
Government railways as well as private ones. The ordinary regulations for the
general rules of traffic on all railways are also issued by the
Government, whilst on the other hand, the more special instructions about
service, such as with regard to signaling, measures of precaution, eta,
are set down by the Board of Government railways both for Government
and private Railways. Besides, at the hands of the State, no check
has been laid on the freedom of action of the private railways, and
their lines are worked under pecuniary as well as administrative
independence. Thus for instance, the Boards of private railways have the right
to grant, for goods forwarded within their own domains, the privilege*
and reductions which may seem fit to them. Also with regard to carriage
of goods on the Government railways, their Boards can grant reductions
if the traffic and returns can, in their opinion, be thereby increased.
As the network of private railways in Sweden, as we have
mentioned before, is divided amongst a number of different owners, one
has, in order to counteract unhealthy competition, organized a Joint
Traffic Union (Samtrafikföreningen), in existence since 1882 and
consisting of most railways in the kingdom, within which the same rate is
charged for carrying goods on the different lines, and likewise the way
on which the forwarding is to take place are fixed in common. The
beneficent effects of the influence of this Union have extended both to
the traveling public and the railways themselves.
The private railways have a special organization in the Railway Union
(Järnvägsföreningen), formed in 1876, which embraces all the private railways
and is composed of the administrations of these lines. It, was mainly through
cooperation between this Union and the Board of Government Railways, that the
above mentioned Joint Traffic Union was founded.
The rate which underlies the charge for freight of goods sent on
the lines of the Joint Traffic Union, is founded on the pattern of that
which applies to the carriage of goods in the traffic of the Government
railways. This rate, which has been subjected to repeated revisions,
and in its present form — not, however, with regard to the
classification of goods, which has been revised in 1895 — is the result of the
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