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glacier torrent which pours through an ice tunnel
and emerges from the foot of the glacier as a
milky stream. This contains the fine filings, the
mere dust grindings that the glacier has scraped
from the rock, the larger shavings and the
frost-severed fragments of the mountain sides remaining
on or in the ice, and finally becoming deposited as
the terminal moraine. Thus the modern or inland
glacier produces first an alluvial deposit of fine
clay, silt, or mud, free from boulders ; secondly, a
boulder moraine, nearly free from mud, clay, or
fine silt. Put these two together and we get the
till or boulder clay, which forms such vast deposits
in all the lower grounds of Scotland, in the lower
flats of Sweden, the lower coast flats of the north
of England and Wales, and which, as already stated,
forms the lower part of those great deposits in the
deep valleys of Norway now cut up into terraces.
I found, as I expected, that the great flats and
substratum of the shelly beach of Bodo and other
similar shores at the mouths of the Norwegian
valleys are composed of till.*
* During our stay at Tromso I had several opportunities of examining
the sea bottom on the shoals that are numerous thereabouts, and found
it to consist of stiff stony clay, covered with a loose layer of shells
mixed with rubbish, evidently thrown overboard from vessels. Some
of these shoals are high and dry, others only ankle deep at low tide.
I found a similar bottom in the other places where I had an opportunity
of examining a shallow sea bottom covered with clear sea-water beyond
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