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300

(1944) [MARC] Author: Gunnar Myrdal
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300 An American Dilemma
discouraged from offering their services and, thus, ceased to belong to either
the actual or the potential labor force.^*
This development had gone so far by 1940 that, in urban and other non-
farm areas, the proportion of the male population 14 years old and over
that belonged to the labor force (those who were either actual workers
or job-seekers) was exactly the same in both racial groups (78 per centj
see Table 5). The relative number of female workers and job-seekers, on
TABLE 6
Labor Force as a Percentage of All Persons, 14 Years of Age and Over, and
Unemployed Workers as a Percentage of Total Labor Force, in
Selected Large Cities, by Sex and Race: 1940
City
Labor Force as a Percentage ofAll
Persons, 14 Years ofAge and Over
Unemployed (exclusive of emer-
gency workers) as a Percentage of
Total Labor Force
Male Female Male Female
Negro White Negro White Negro White Negro White
New York 80.8 81.1 50.7 32.5 20.1 15.2 18.1 14.8
Philadelphia 78.5 80.8 43.6 31.9 33.1 15.4 23.7 14.6
Cleveland 79.5 81.4 33-0 30.3 16.7 12.4 22.4 1 1.3
Detroit 84.7 84.7 30.0 28.1 16.1 9.7 19.4 11.3
Chicago 77.9 82.4 35.7 33.3 17.2 II.
I
23.2 9.5
St Louis 81.6 82.9 37.4 3^-8 19.6 10.5 20.4 9.2
Louisville 79.7 81.8 45.7 29.9 17.6 10.4 18.6 9.8
Baltimore 79-6 80.8 46.8 29.8 13-2 7.3 10.8 7.9
Washington, D.C. 81.0 80.7 51.7 43.0 10,6 5.4 iL3 5.1
Richmond 79-S 81.7 56.1 36.1 15.5 6.6 I 3.I 6.8
Atlanta 82.0 83.0 54-4 35.5 13.9 6.7 1 1.6 7.6
Birmingham 82.0 81.9 39-9 26.7 15.9 7.0 14.9 9.1
Memphis 85.4 82.5 44.8 30-9 14.S 6.8 15.5 7.4
New Orleans 80.7 81.
1
43-4 28.9 15-3 10.2 15.2 9.6
Houston 84.0 83.8 53.7 28.7 11.9 7.2 9-7 7.0
Source: Sixteenth Census of the United States: JQ40, Population, Second Series, State Reports. Tables 41
and 43 (for Washington, D.C., Tables 13 and 2x).
the Other hand, continued in most places to be much higher in the non-
white than in the white population, even if the difference was smaller than
before. White women still left the labor market at a much faster rate after
having reached the age of 25 than did Negro women.®^
The equalization in the proportion of white and Negro men and women
who are workers or job-seekers has proceeded further in the urban North
than in the urban South. It has also proceeded further in the cities than in
the farm areas of the South. Even in the male agricultural population of
the South in 1940 there was still a higher proportion of actual and potential
workers in the Negro than in the white group.®® This may be due, in part,

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