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Full resolution (TIFF) - On this page / på denna sida - VII. Social Inequality - 29. Patterns of Social Segregation and Discrimination - 6. Segregation in Specific Types of Institutions
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Chapter 29. Social Segregation and Discrimination 633
state support, but Negro students are faced sometimes with the dilemma
of whether to fight for their right to enter the state university or to seek
the advantages of the superior Northern universities. In the recent (Decem-
ber, 1938) case of Lloyd Gaines v. the University of Missouri, the United
States Supreme Court decided that a Negro could insist upon entrance into
a regular state university if no separate but equal university were provided
for Negroes by that statc.^“
There is little school segregation required by law in the Northern and
Western states: Arizona requires it in elementary schools and makes it
permissive in secondary schools Kansas, Wyoming, Indiana, and New
Mexico make school segregation permissive in the elementary grades and
sometimes also in the secondary grades.’*^ Some communities in the south-
ern parts of New Jersey, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois use
organized pressure contrary to law to segregate Negroes in at least the
elementary grades.^® In practically all other areas of the North there is
partial segregation on a voluntary basis, caused by residential segregation
aided by the gerrymandering of school districts and the system of ‘^per-
mits.” This segregation is fairly complete for elementary schools, except
where Negroes form only a small proportion of the population, but there
is much less segregation in secondary schools. In few cases—if any—Is this
segregation accompanied by discrimination, however, except that form of
discrimination which inevitably arises out of isolation. In fact there Is
probably more discrimination in the mixed schools than in the segregated
ones in the North: frequently Negroes in mixed schools arc kept out of
swimming, dancing, and other athletics, and out of social clubs. There are,
however, some Negro teachers in mixed schools in many Northern cities,
and Negroes sit on the boards of education in a few big Northern cities.
No Northern state university prohibits the enrollment of Negroes,
although a few practice minor forms of discrimination once they are
enrolled. This is often a matter of individual prejudice rather than of
official policy. Private universities in the North restrict Negroes in rough
inverse relation to their excellence: the great universities—Harvard,
Chicago, Columbia, and so on, restrict Negroes to no significant extent,
if at all. A few exceptions exist: Princeton University, for example, has no
Negro students, but this university has Southern traditions. Most of the
minor private universities and colleges prohibit or restrict Negroes. Some
of these permit the entrance of a few token Negroes, probably to demon-
strate a racial liberalism they do not feel. Four or five Northern colleges
or universities, outside the Negro ones, have a Negro on their instructional
staff.’*^’ That there is no serious restriction on higher education for Negroes
in the North is shown by the fact that there are only four Negro colleges
in all the 30 non-Southern states, and two of these were started before
the Civil War.
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