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Full resolution (TIFF) - On this page / på denna sida - VII. Social Inequality - 29. Patterns of Social Segregation and Discrimination - 6. Segregation in Specific Types of Institutions
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Chapter 29. Social Segregation and Discrimination 635
of facilities. This becomes the more expensive as many Negroes avoid Jim
Crow facilities by using their own cars®® or walking. On the other hand, it
is notorious that the companies—with a few exceptions—^save money by
giving Negroes inferior service for equal charge. While white opinion
would no doubt* force these companies to maintain segregated facilities,
there would be many exceptions and a slow trend toward a breakdown of
segregation if there were no laws to keep the pattern rigid. This inference
may be drawn from observation of segregation practices in privately run
stores where there are no laws to prohibit or to segregate Negro customers.
Oklahoma and all the former slaveholding states, with the exception of
Delaware, Missouri, and West Virginia, have laws requiring separation of
whites and Negroes on railways operated in their jurisdiction.®^ Delaware
has a law making it optional for railroad companies to Jim Crow, and a
Missouri state court has upheld the validity of a railway’s regulation direct-
ing a separation of the races on its coaches.®“ Although these laws could
not be meant to apply to a Negro who was merely crossing the state with-
out stopping in it, since such a law would be clearly unconstitutional even
if the intra-state Jim Crow law w^ould not, in practice it applies to such
Negroes also. The conductors are given police power to enforce these
statutes. Certain types of exceptions are commonly made: for nurses,
police officers, railway employees. Sometimes the segregation is mainly
ceremonial: Negroes may enter Alabama in Pullman cars but are given
“Lower 13” (the drawing room In a Pullman with 12 sets of berths).®^
All the Southern states having railway Jim Crow laws, except Alabama,
Kentucky, and Maryland, also require separate accommodations on street
railways.®^ In those three states, the practice of Jim Crowing is left up
to the streetcar companies: it is universal in Alabama, but does not occur
in the Border states. It is a common observation that the Jim Crow car is
resented more bitterly among Negroes than most other forms of segrega-
tion. In the North there is practically no segregation in public carriers.
Segregation is practically complete In the South for hotels and restau-
rants, places of amusement" and cemeteries.*’ The same is true of churches.*^
Many hospitals in the South receive Negro as well as white patients, but
they are segregated j
the Negro wards are mostly inadequate and inferior,
* Negroes are excluded from swimming pools, dance halls, skating rinks, pool parlors and
bowling alleys patronized by whites. In theaters and assembly halls, where they are not
excluded, they are segregated and usually given poorer seats.
**
Before the Civil War it was not uncommon for Negro servants to be buried in the while
family’s plot. With the development of a new taboo in respect to mixed cemeteries, cases
have occurred where Negro bones have been dug up and replaced in Negro cemeteries by
white men. (Johnson, Patterns of Negro Segregationy p. 170.)
* In the ante-bellum South slaves often went to the churches of their masters. The
exclusion on the part of the whites met a movement on the part of the Negroes to develop
their own churches. Today the separation is complete. (See Chapter 40.)
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