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APPENDIX 10
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF RACE ATTITUDES
I. Existing Studies of Race Attitudes
Quantitative studies of race attitudes are summarized in a monograph prepared for
this study by Eugene L. Horowitz.* In this Appendix we shall briefly indicate the
direction of work that has been done and offer a few suggestions as to the type of
attitude studies which would be in accord with the methodological principles presented
in Appendix l.
One of the early classic efforts to measure race attitudes was that of Emory S.
Bogardus.** His questionnaire offered a list of races and nationalities and a list of seven
degrees of social intimacy (e.g., proximity of residence, marriage). The interviewee
was to check off the degree of social intimacy to which he would be willing to admit
a member of each race or nationality. By this means Bogardus could present a rank
order of races and nationalities according to the degree of preference for them by
a given group of Americans. The problem of degree of friendliness toward the Negro
and of comparative friendliness toward various races and nationalities became a major
concern for those interested in the quantitative approach to the study of attitudes,
especially after L. L. Thurstone® introduced a series of major technical improvements
into the measuring process. In 1929, E. D. Hinckley devised a scale of attitudes toward
the Negro which presumably could be administered to any group of whites.*^
With techniques developed for measuring the degree of friendliness or social distance
toward the Negro, students began to investigate differences in attitudes as measured by
the scales. There have been studies correlating the scores on these scales with region,
rural-urban residence, age, sex, church affiliation, social class, intelligence, general
education, general social and political outlook. The scales have also been used to measure
the effect of experiments: students were given courses in race relations or were brought
into social contact with Negroes, and the change in their performance on the attitude
test was noted.®
““‘Race* Attitudes” in Otto Klineberg (editor). Characteristics of the American Negro^
prepared for this study, to be published.
**
“Race Friendliness and Social Distance,** Journal of Afflied Sociology (January-
February, 1927), pp. 272-287.
“The first article in the series on race attitudes by Thurstone was “An Experimental
Study of Nationality Preferences,** The Journal of General Psychology (July-October,
1928), pp. 405-425*
*E. D. Hinckley, “The Influence of Individual Opinion on the Construction of an
Attitude Scale,** The Journal of Social Psychology (August, 1932), pp. 283-295.
“On this point, see, in addition to Horowitz (0^. ci/., manuscript pages 214-218),
Mapheus Smith, “A Study of Change of Attitudes toward the Negro,** Journal of Negro
Education (January, 1939), pp. 64-70.
1136
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