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1210 An American Dilemma
legitimate inference may be drawn from social prominence to native ability.” {Race
Mixture, p. IIO.)
The belief that mulattoes were sterile seems to have been called out when it was
desired to discourage miscegenation, and the opposite belief when it was felt necessary
to explain the manifest increase in number of mulattoes without admitting the fact of
continuing interracial sex relations. In the only careful study of the fecundity of
mulattoes, Frazier finds that it is about the same as that of full-blooded Negroes. (E.
Franklin Frazier, “Children in Black and Mulatto Families,” The American Journal of
Sociology [July, 1933], pp. 12-29.) This study is not methodologically perfect, but
seems to be the best available on the subject. For other literature on the subject, see
Wirth and Goldhamer, of, cit,, manuscript pages 1 09-1 11.
Klineberg has made a painstaking study which tends to show that Negro migrants
to Northern cities have not included a disproportionate number of highly intelligent
Negroes. (Otto Klineberg, Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration [1935].)
A similar study done before Klineberg’s with data for Washington, D. C. is: Alice S.
McAlpin, “Changes in the Intelligence Quotients of Negro Children,” Journal of
Negro Education (April i, 1932), pp. 44-48.
The American Negro and The Anthrofometry of the American Negro,
^’^The Anthrofometry of the American NegrOy p. 15. Herskovits^ full table on p.
177 is reproduced here:
Unmixed Negro N 34* 22.0
Negro, mixed with Indian N(I) 97 6.3
More Negro than White NNW 384 24.8
More Negro than White, with Indian NNW(I) 106 6.9
About the same amount of Negro and White NW 260 16.7
About the same amount of Negro and White, with Indian NW(I) 133 8.5
More White than Negro NWW 154 9-3
More White than Negro, with Indian NWW(I) 75 5-5
1551 100.0
These proportions refer to the existing Negro population and do not take into account
those hybrids who have passed into the white or Indian populations.
HrdliCka—in searching for full-blooded Negroes on whom he wished to make
anthropometric *
measurements—^also reported that over 70 per cent of a group of
Negroes in Washington, D. C., had at least one white ancestor.® HrdliSka’s Washington
Negroes were not meant to be considered as representative of the entire population of
American Negroes, and undoubtedly contained too many upper class persons who tend
to have a relatively large proportion of white blood. The fact that HrdliCka was
searching for full-blooded Negroes may, however, have counterbalanced this selective
factor. Also Hrdli^ka says that some of the remaining 30 per cent may have had some
white blood.
E. Franklin Frazier writes:
“Many mulattoes in the United States with very little Negro blood consider them-
selves pure Negroes. I have had mulatto students at Fisk University and Howard Univer-
sity insist that they were pure Negroes. One summer I visited a number of summer
•Ales Hrdlicka, “The Full-Blood American Negro,” American Journal of Physical
Anthrofology (July-September, 1928), p. 15.
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