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Footnotes 1215
Good summaries of research on disease differentials may be found in Bakwin,
of. cit.y and Harold F. Dorn, “The Health of the Negro,” unpublished manuscript
prepared for this study (1942).
After this chapter was completed the best summary of disease differentials became
available, and we had the opportunity of checking our statements by it: Lewis, of. cit.
See Bakwin’s summary, of. cit^y and Lewis’ summary, of. cit.
Official death registration statistics underestimate the Negro death rates more than
the white rates. Thus the reporting of a slightly higher Negro death rate usually means
that the cause of death is more important among Negroes than the statistics show.
Studies which are based on a sample instead of the total population, however, are likely
to be biased in the other direction—since they miss no cases and may get a poorer
selection of Negroes than of whites.
^"^In Charleston, South Carolina, the white rate of tuberculosis in the period 1841-
1848 was 268 per 100,000 as compared to 266 for Negroes. Willis D. Weatherford and
Charles S. Johnson, Race Relations (i934)> p. 375, and E. R. Embree, Brown
America (1933; first edition, 1931), p. 49.
Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro (1896), p. 69. Also see S. J.
Holmes, The Negro’s Struggle for Survival (1937), p. 39. S. A. Cartwright, a Southern
doctor, writing before the Civil War, expressed this opinion:
“To the question, ‘Is not Phthisis very common among the slaves of the slave States
and unknown among the native Africans at home?’ I reply in the negative, that
Phthisis, so far from being common among the slaves of the slave States, is very seldom
met with. As to the native Africans at home, little or nothing is known of their diseases.
. . . Negroes, however, are sometimes, though rarely, afflicted with tubercula pulmonum,
or Phthisis, properly so called, which has some peculiarities. . . . Phthisis is, par excel-
lence, a disease of the sanguineous temperament, fair complexion, red or flaxen hair,
blue eyes, large blood vessels, and a bony encasement too small to admit the full and
free expansion of the lungs, enlarged by the superabundant blood, which is determined
to those organs during that first half-score of years immediately succeeding puberty. . . .
Hence it is most apt to occur precisely at, and immediately following, that period of
life known as matureness. . . . With negroes, the sanguineous never gains the mastery
over the lymphatic and nervous systems.” (“Slavery in the Light of Ethnology,” in E. N.
Elliott (editor). Cotton Is Kingy and Pro^lavery Arguments [i860], pp. 692-693.)
Cited in Charles S. Johnson, “The Negro,” American Journal of Sociology (May,
1942), p. 863.
Dorn, Of. cit.y p. 97.
Embree, of. cit.y p. 54.
A. G. Love and C. B. Davenport, “A Comparison of White and Colored Troops
in Respect to Incidence of Disease,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
(March, 1919), pp. 58-67.
H. M. Pollock, “Frequency of Dementia Praecox in Relation to Sex, Age, Environ-
ment, Nativity, and Race,” Mental Hygiene (July, 1926), pp. 596-611. Pollock’s
figures are the numbers of first admissions in 1924 per 100,000 population. A criticism
of this study may be found in Solomon P. Rosenthal, “Racial Differences in the
Incidence of Mental Disease,” Journal of Negro Education (July, 1934), p. 490.
**Evcn in 1924, the New York rates were 16.9 and 48.6 for whites and Negroes,
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