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Footnotes 1229
coverage was the aim of these projects. Still, the achievements were small in view of
the large amount of money spent. Not even the governments could afford to maintain
permanent birth control clinics all over if they were as expensive as these two, and yet
far from all persons needing contraceptive information in the two areas were reached.
Despite the excellent work of the projects with those women contacted, the small
number of women contacted shows how limited such clinics are.
Chapter 8. Migration
^
The primary census data are somewhat unreliable, particularly for the South, and
especially for Negroes. They are, furthermore, unreliable in a different degree from
one census to another. Apart from this, such data as exist can only account for the
composite result of migration together with all other factors of population change
during a preceding decade, or the extent to which all persons living at the time of a
census resided elsewhere than in their states of birth. We cannot, therefore, expect to
gain any intensive and accurate knowledge of the movement of the population. All
short-distance mobility is out of the picture. So also are stages and steps in migration,
and all moves in one direction which are compensated for by the same persons’ (or other
persons’) migration in the opposite direction (within the decade between two censuses).
All yearly fluctuations are canceled out in the aggregate figures. Only a suggestion of
stages of migration may be had by comparing different states as to the character of their
populations born outside the state. Only to a limited extent are there studies available
for small parts of the population, allowing us to make valid inferences in these several
respects. Perhaps the most useful of these is the information that may be had from the
question asked of all farmers for the 1935 Census of Agriculture, “Where were you
living five years ago.?”
The 1940 Census attempts to correct many of the earlier deficiencies by supplying
information from all persons in the United States on the same question: “Where were
you living five years ago?” This does not meet all requirements for knowledge about
migration, but it will offer a body of information vastly superior to anything that now
exists. Unfortunately the information is not yet available at the time of writing (sum-
mer, 1942).
^ U.S. Census Office, Statistics of the United States in i860, pp. 337-338.
® There are no data available to determine the exact size of the net migration of
Negroes from South to North between 1910 and 1940. The figure of one and three-
quarters million presented in the text is simply the difference between the Northern
Negro population for 1940 and that for 1910. To use this figure as an index of net
migration involves making two assumptions: (i) The net reproduction rate of Negroes
in the North during this period was i .00, on the average. Actually it probably averaged
less than 1.00. (2) The age distribution of the Northern Negro population was, on the
average, that of a life table population. Actually there was probably a greater proportion
of persons in the child-bearing ages. The errors in our two assumptions affect our
estimate of net migration in opposite ways. We have, therefore, only one assumption
—
that these two errors cancel each other.
Du Bois estimated that two million Negroes migrated North by 1930. But his
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