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Footnotes 1241
per cent in the West, and 1 5
per cent in the South.® The figure for the South, however,
includes Negroes; for white tenants alone, it must be considerably higher.
In counties designated as plantation counties in 1910, almost 60 per cent of the
tenants were colored in
1930.•
**
Woofter’s sample study of plantations in 1934 indicates
that 53 per cent of the plantations had Negro tenants only; 42 per cent had both Negro
and white tenants, and 5 per cent had white tenants only.®
®^Of 289 Southern counties which were designated as plantation counties in the
Census of 1910, more than half, or 165, showed increase in number of both white and
colored tenants between 1900 and 1930. In most of the cases these increases were pro-
portionally greater for white than for colored tenants. In 50 counties there \\as a decline
in number of tenants in both racial groups. When changes went in opposite directions,
it was most often the white tenants who gained at the expense of the colored tenants
(65 counties). The reverse was true In but a few cases (9 counties). This information
was based on a special adaptation of the census material ^
made by Richard Sterner,
“Standard of Living of the Negro and Social Welfare Policies,” unpublished manu-
script prepared for this study (1940).
U. S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture: Vol. Ill, pp. 204-205;
and Sterner and Associates, of, cit,y p. 13.
As early as 1879 Sir George Campbell observed about the constant movement from
one plantation to another:
“It is a form of strike as a counter-move against ill-treatment; and under the cir-
cumstances the move may be a bold and effective measure.”® Compare in modern litera-
ture, for instance, Lawrence W. Neff, Race Relations at Close Range (1911), p. 22;
and John Dollard, Class and Caste in a Southern Town (1937), pp. 445-497.
Woofter and Associates, Landlord and Tenanty p. 200.
It will be recalled that there is but scant information on the conditions of the non
plantation tenants, who are quite numerous even in the Negro group (although Negroes,
much more than whites, are concentrated on large holdings).
Some of the best works on the subject are: T. J. Woofter, Jr., and Associates,
Landlord and Tenant on the Cotton Plantation (1937); William C. Holley, Ellen
Winston, T. J. Woofter, Jr., The Plantation Southy Works Projects Admin-
istration Research Bulletin No. 22 (1940); Farm Tenancy
y
Report of the President’s
Committee (1937); Arthur Raper, Preface to Peasantry (1936), particularly pp. 157-
180; Allison Davis, Burleigh B. Gardner, and Mary R. Gardner, Deef South (1941),
pp. 255-421 ;
E. L. Langsford and B. H. Thibodeaux, Plantation Organization and
Oferation in the Yazoo^Mississiffi Delta Areay United States Department of Agricul-
ture Technical Bulletin No. 682 (1939); Edgar T. Thompson, “Population Expansion
and the Plantation System,” American Journal of Sociology (November, 1935), pp.
314.326.
Davis, Gardner, and Gardner, of, cit.y pp. 329-332.
• Farm Tenancy, Report of the President’s Committee, p. 47,
Sterner and Assodates, of, cit,, p. 15.
• Woofter and Associates, Landlord and Tenant, p. igS,
• Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Agriculture, Vol. II, Part 2, County tabic
1, Supplemental for Southern States, and Twelfth Census of the United States: igoo, AgricuU
ture^ Vol. V, Part i, pp. 58-141.
• Op. cit,y pp. ix-x.
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