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1246 An American Dilemma
Among 288 counties in six selected Southern states, no less than 199 showed at the
same time (between 1930 and 1935) an increase in number of white and a decrease in
number of Negro cash and share tenants; the reverse of this happened in only one of
the counties studied.*
Woofter’s plantation study indicates that the proportion of white families on the
plantation increased during these years.**
W. C. Holley, Ellen Winston, and T. J. Woofter, Jr., The Plantation Southy
^ 934-^937 (i 940)> P- 49*
The harvested area, because of the depression, had already declined from 43,000,-
000 acres in 1929 to 36,000,000 in 1932. In 1933, because of the A.A.A., it was
down to 29,000,000. There was a further decline to 22,000,000 in 194 1.®
From a peak of 17,000,000 bales in 1931, it fell to less than 10,000,000 in 1934;
but then it started to climb again and reached an all-time peak of 19,000,000 bales in
1937, when the acreage had been allowed, temporarily, to increase to a little more than
three-fourths of the 1929 level.^ In 1940, however, it was down to 12,500,000 bales.®
The carry-over, which was almost 10,000,000 bales in 1932, had decreased to less
than half of that figure by 1937 but reached a new, even higher peak of 13,000,000
bales in 1939.^
Behind this was the huge crop of 1937.
• Richard Sterner, ‘‘The Standard of Living of the Negro and Social Welfare Policies,”
unpublished manuscript prepared for this study (1940). These data are based on a special
adaptation of census materials for all counties in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Alabama, and Arkansas, which had at least 100 colored and 100 white tenants (other
than croppers). Corresponding tabulations were made for farm owners (241 counties) and
croppers (269 counties). The following table gives a complete summary of the main results:
Counties in Selected Southern States bv Increase or Decrease in Number of Colored
;and White Owners, Tenants (other than croppen), and Croppers: 1930-1935
Counties by Decrease or Increase of Colored Operators
Counties by Decrease or In-
crease of White Operators Owners
Tenants other
than Croppers Croppers
Decrease Increase Decrease Increase Decrease Increase
Decrease 8 >5 » lbs as
Increase 57 145 199 73 40 39
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture; iq33* Vol. I, County Table x. Supplemental
for ^uthem States. Fifteenth Census of the United States: Jffjo, Agriculture, Vol. II, Part 2, County Table i,
Supplemental for Southern States.
*’T. J. Woofter and Associates, Landlord and Tenant on the Cotton Plantation (1936),
p. X57.
* Bureau of Agricultural Economics, “The Agricultural Situation” (August, 1942), p. 9.
^ U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics: p. 109.
* U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics: 194 ly p. 120. The preliminary
figure for 1941 was 11,000,000 bales (The National Industrial Conference Board, The
Economic Almanac for 1^42-1^4$ [1942], p. 266.)
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