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Footnotes 1307
tion of a probationary period. “When you fire a veteran, you have to show cause. When
you fire a Negro, you don’t have to.” (Interview, August 3, 1942.) See also. Granger,
“Negroes in War Production,” pp. 471 and 543.
In addition there were the so-called supplementary courses, where Negroes, during
the same period, constituted but 1.7 per cent of the total. {Negro Workers and the
National Defense Progranty pp. 17-18; The Labor Market [June, 1942], p. ii.) It is
a well-known fact that Negroes are under-represented on most in-plant training programs
organized by employers. The Work Projects Administration and the National Youth
Administration, on the other hand, have, to a comparatively large extent, included them
in their war work training programs. (High, of. cit.y p. 1 15.)
For the whole South the percentages of nonwhites among those referred to such
courses and projects was only 7.5 per cent, although 26.2 per cent of the total Southern
Labor force in 1940 was nonwhite. The corresponding figures for the rest of the nation
were 2.9 and 4.8 per cent, respectively, indicating a much smaller discrepancy. (Federal
Security Agency, Social Security Board, Bureau of Employment Security, “Vocational
Training Activities of Public Employment Offices, January, 1942,” mimeographed;
Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940^ Pofulationy Preliminary Releases, Series
P-4, No. 4, and P-4a, Nos. 14 to 16.)
Workers are referred to these training courses by the Employment Service. The latest
instructions issued by the Bureau of Employment Security to local offices have the fol-
lowing rather unfortunate formulation:
“. . . it is the policy of the United States Employment Service ... to fill requisitions
for trainees without regard to race, color, creed or national origin, except in those
States where separate educational facilities for whites and Negroes are required by law,
namely . . .” [Eighteen Southern and Border states enumerated.] (Federal Security
Agency, Social Security Board, Bureau of Employment Security, “U.S.E.S. Operations
Bulletin No. C-45” [July I, 1942], p. 2.)
The intention, of course, is just to acknowledge the segregation in the Southern educa-
tional system. The formulation, however, leaves the door open for almost any kind of
discrimination.
Journal and Guidey Norfolk, Virginia (February 28, 1942).
Information from Lester B. Granger, National Urban League (August 10, 1942).
According to Mr. Granger all Southern states, except Georgia, have Negro Employment
Service offices.
“U.S.E.S. Operations Bulletin, No. C-45,” PP»
^"
3 *
The recommendations and requirements sent out by the U.S.E.S. to its local offices
included the following injunctions;
“. . . it is the policy of the United States Employment Service: . . .
(2) To make definite effort to persuade employers to eliminate specifications which
prevent the consideration of local qualified workers because of their race, color, creed,
or national origin . . .
“(3) To omit discretionary specifications from advertising sponsored or approved by
the United States Employment Service:
“(4) To report to the Director of the United States Employment Service for appro-
priate disposition each instance in which an employer refuses to relax discriminatory
specifications;
“(5) To refuse to make referrals on employer orders which include discriminatory
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