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Footnotes 1367
Specific concerning places which are meant to be regulated. Some of them contain long
lists of places of public resort, while others mention only a few or none at all. The
statutes differ in the type or types of remedy to be employed in seeking redress. Thus
seven states provide for a criminal prosecution only, one makes a provision for a civil
action alone, seven allow both a criminal action and either a suit for a penalty or a
civil action for damages, while the remaining three permit both types of redress but
state that success in an action of either kind shall bar all other proceedings.” (Of, cit,^
PP- 34-
35 -)
For example, in May, 1942, New York State added prohibitions against discrim-
ination by public golf courses and by sports promoters in state-wide contests.
The partial futility of the civil rights law in New Jersey is indicated by the
following comment made by a city official in Atlantic City:
“ ‘I think the southerners handle them better because they don’t assert their rights.
They are not permitted in the bars, etc. This equalization law is not a benefit for the
man who runs the place. In New Jersey they have a state law that they are to be
admitted to restaurants and theaters, but the courts wouldn’t recognize it here. It is
seldom a sensible colored man will thrust himself in where he is not wanted. In New
York they have hired lawyers and prosecute such cases to the bitter end; they do not
succeed in getting very far, not for the present time. I was in a restaurant in Philadel-
phia one time and a colored couple came in. The manager told them all the tables were
reserved. They walked out. That’s what overcomes the law. I kept a hotel for thirty
years. They knew I didn’t care for their trade, and they never came. I told them, “You
know it is not fair to make me lose my trade.” You can’t throw them out, but the
majority are satisfied to keep to themselves. They understand in the moving pictures
that they are to sit on the left side. Our colored people are a nice class.’ ” (Quoted in
Johnson, Patterns of Negro Segregation^ pp. 200-201.)
For example, Princeton University, in New Jersey—a state with a civil rights law
—^permits no Negro to enroll as a student.
The American Red Cross refuses to permit Negro women to assist in its civilian
first-aid training program unless they can form their own segregated units on their own
initiative. It has also refused to accept Negro blood donors. After protests it now
accepts Negro blood but segregates it to be used exclusively for Negro soldiers. This is
true at a time when the United States is at war, and the Red Cross has a semi-official
status.
The United Service Organizations— body created to give civilian aid in the present
war effort—^refuses to let Negroes participate in many of its activities in several
Northern states. For that matter, so does the Office of Civilian Defense—^a government
agency which has refused to permit Negroes to serve as volunteer airplane spotters in
at least one Northern state.
Johnson, Patterns of Negro Segregation^ p. 7,
^^Idem.
Idem.
While the teachers and principals of Negro schools in the South are uniformly
Negro, the controlling and supervising officials are white. In 1940, Wilkerson found
Negroes on the school boards only in Washington, D. C., West Virginia, Oklahoma and
Missouri among all Southern states. He was able to find only 18 Negroes holding state
administrative or supervisory positions. (Doxey A. Wilkerson, “The Negro in American
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