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ARMENIA AND THE NEAR EAST
23 4
ruling classes may have been to a large extent short-skulled
Indo-Europeans. At this period—from the end of the third
millennium b.c.—other new tribes, probably for the most
part short-skulled Indo-Europeans, invaded Thessaly and
Greece.* There is every indication that there was unrest in
the Balkan peninsula ; powerful barbarian peoples had come
from the north, and some of these had introduced the
Indo-European language into Greece.
Apparently it was not till the fourteenth century b.c. that
one or more short-skulled peoples crossed in large numbers
to Crete, chiefly, no doubt, from the south of Greece. Per
haps, as we shall see later, it was at about the same time, or
a little earlier, that short-skulled people drove out the older
long-skulls in Armenia. Somewhat later the Armenians
may have settled in Cappadocia, possibly in what remained
of the Khetite (Hittite) kingdom, alongside of the Phrygians,
with whose help they may have expelled the Moshi (cf. p. 84).
The origin of the nåme Armenia is unknown ; but in the
regions which may previously have been inhabited by the
Armenians we come across several places called Armenion
or Arminion. Strabo (XI, 4, 8, and 14, 12), mentions the
town of Armenion near Lake Boibeis in Thessaly. The
Iliad (11, 2, 734) mentions an Ormenion in Thessaly, which
Strabo (IX, 5, 18) calls Orminion. In Bithynia in Asia
Minor there was a mountain called " Orminion oros " ; at
Sinope there was the harbour of " Armene " ; by the sources
of the Halys (now the Kizil Irmak), in what is now the Sivas
district, there was a mountain called " Armenion oros." An
inscription of the Khaldian King Menuas mentions in connec
tion with his campaigns in the west a place-name Ur-j/ie-ni
(-u-hi-ni), which corresponds to the Greek Orminion ; and
his son Arzistis speaks of the " town " (?) of Urmani" 2 It
seems, therefore, that as early as the eighth century b.c. the
Armenians inhabited the mountainous country near the
sources of the Halys, west of Urartu (Khaldia), or what was
afterwards Great Armenia.
As the power of the Khaldians was gradually broken down
Cf. Emil Smith, Hellas for Homer, pp. 175 ff., Oslo, 1926.
Lehmann-Haupt, Armenien Eins/ utid Jet^t, vol. ii, p. 692.
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