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274

(1928) [MARC] Author: Fridtjof Nansen - Tema: Russia
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ARMENIA AND THE NEAR EAST
274
north as Scandinavia, and may explain, among other things,
certain similarities between our burying-places and bauta
stones—for instance, in Bohuslen and Blekinge—and the
Armenian churchyards and gravestones. There was also a
connection later on. As Professor Magnus Olsen has pointed
out to me, Are Frode tells in his Iskndingabok (chap. viii), of
three ermskir (i.e. Armenians), Peter, Abraham, and Stephen,
who came all the way to Iceland, and stated that they were
Armenian bishops. Their rule of life was "in many ways
less strict than Bishop Isleiv’s (a.d. 105 6-1080), wherefore
they were beloved of evil men, until Archbishop Adalbert
sent his letter to Iceland forbidding people to receive (God’s)
ministry from them, and saying that some of them were
excommunicated, and that all had come without his leave." *
These ermskir were probably Armenian missionaries who
had made their way to Iceland. It was just at the time when
the frequent inroads of the Seljuk Turks into Armenia had
given rise to mass emigration to different parts of the world.
They had taught their Gregorian doctrine, which, of course,
was heretical, and were therefore very naturally excommuni
cated by the Catholic archbishop.
The evolution of architecture in the Middle Ages seems to
have been indebted to the Armenians for several important
ideas and inspirations. As early as the end of the third, and
especially in the fourth and fifth centuries, many churches
were built in Armenia ; but even before that time, in the
second century, churches were built in Syria (Edessa) and also
east of the Tigris at Arbela. These were generally long
churches of the basilica shape, and similar ones may also have
been erected at an early date in Armenia and Georgia ; appar
cntly there is a fourth-century basilica at Nekressi. But these
countries soon seem to have evolved a native style of church,
characterized especially by the square edihce with a central
dome (cf. p. 214). This style is most nearly related to the
architecture of the East. The Armenians probably came
first under the Median and then under the Persian domination ;
later they were in close contact with the Parthian empire,
-Cf Hungrvaka, ch. z; Biskupa sogur i. See also Konrad Maurer, Dit
bekibrung d<s norvegischen Stammts Cbnsttntum, vol. 11, p. s»° * > lS 5 b-

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