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264 NOTES
influence contributed greatly to establish for perhaps half a century
a certain dominance of the Norwegian spirit in all Scandinavia. For
Bjérnson personally, as his correspondence with Hegel shows, it was
certainly a great good fortune to gain Hegel as his publisher and later
as his friend. This Hegel was to all his authors in the most faithful,
self-sacrificing way, and no less their valued financial adviser.
Page 221.
Our Lancuace. Written in defense of the Norwegian-Danish speech
of the cultured classes and of the cities in Norway, the result of de-
velopment and tradition through several centuries, the so-called Riks-
maal (language of the kingdom) or Bymaal (city-language). This, and
with it the higher spiritual interests of the nation, seemed to Bjérnson
to be endangered by the agitation in behalf of the Landsmaal (rural
language). The Landsmaal arose from a movement after 1814, to make
Norway independent of Denmark in language also, The rural dialects
were regarded as more purely Norwegian ; on them and the Old Norse
as a basis was constructed somewhat artificially this standard rural
language. It has been gradually perfected, and is now, in fact, spoken
and written a good deal. Bjérnson advocated rather the natural pro-
cess of making the language of the country more national by gradu-
ally introducing dialect words and reforming the orthography. He
thought that the Rits7aal thus modified alone could preserve, increase,
and transmit the treasures of culture.
Hald=Fredrikshald, see page 229.
Holberg, see page 237.
Kierkegaard, Séren Aaby Kierkegaard (1813-1855) was the most
subtle and profound thinker produced by Denmark, with a prose style
noble, poetic, and eloquent. His writings deal with religion, ethics,
and esthetics, and present his individual, ideal conception of Chris-
tianity.
Wergeland, see page 262.
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