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76 JOHN ANSTEINSSON
the wages of the textile workers would hardly think of finding his material
under such a heading.
Koch makes a double entry for such books with a topical and local
aspect: Under the local name with the topic as subheading and under the
topic with the local name as subheading, e.g. Freimaurer: England and
England: Freimaurer; Erdbeben: Messina and Messina: Erdbeben,
Cutter suggested this as a solution, where it was hard to decide whether
the local or topical aspect were most important. But this practice is abandoned
in American cataloging, being an unnecessary waste of time and space. A
definite subject is to be reduced to a single definite heading — a very
obvious and logical principle.
The Dictionary catalog distinguishes between such subjects which have
predominantly a geographical or local character, and such subjects which are
purely topical, the German »Sachbegriffe», which are exact and definite in
themselves, but may be treated with some geographical limitation or from
a local point of view.
Consequently only such books are entered under a geographical heading
which treat a geographical unit as such in a general way, viz., those works
for example, which describe its history, its material resources, its political
life, its religious status, etc. Ali minor and less apposite topics are entered
under the specific subject, eventually with the name of the locality to which
it has reference added in a subheading.
Schleimer is most in conformity with American practice, and he has
given most clear rules in this matter. But he uses a large number of
individual references to guide the read er in all dubious cases. The Library of
Congress safeguards uniformity by special lists of subheading to be used
under the names of countries and cities, and other lists of headings to be
subdivided locally. Using these lists one who wants to examine all books
with a reference to a special locality can easily pick together all titles of
interest to him.
The same principles apply to subjects, where not the geographical but
the ethnic or racial point of view comes into consideration. First among
these are languages and literature, which may not be limited to political
boundaries. Here is the national adjective the natural limitation. The
Library of Congress always enter these subjects (language and literature)
under the national adjective, while practically all the others are entered
under the topical heading, followed by the adjective, or eventually the name
of the people in question.
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