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Child Labour and Child Crimes 327
pled; the rest more or less under the standard
of good health. All work in the cotton indus-
try done from six o’clock in the morning till
five in the evening changes, so this doctor says,
the hopeful ten-year-old child into the thin
pallid thirteen-year-old boy. This degenera-
tion of the population in industrial districts
is becoming a serious danger for England’s
future.
After people are convinced that all civilised
nations are exposed to this same danger, in-
dustrial and street work of children will be
everywhere forbidden. This will be a victory
for the principle of child protection, which, in
this as in other like spheres, was opposed at
first on both economic and industrial grounds.
Among these was the uncontested right of
fathers to decide on the work of their children.
It is not alone the question of child labour
that reveals the low standpoint taken by the
civil authorities of Europe, but it is proved
also by the introduction of corporal punish-
ment. Corporal punishment is as humiliating
for him who gives it as for him who receives it
;
it is ineffective besides. Neither shame nor
physical pain have any other effect than a
hardening one, when the blow is delivered in
cold blood long after the act occasioning it has
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