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53

(1902) [MARC] Author: Niels Christian Frederiksen
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CHAPTER IV


METHODS AND CONDITIONS OF AGRICULTURE



The greater part of Finland is not adapted for
agriculture. Geologically the country belongs to the
Scandinavian peninsula, and not to the great plain of
Eastern and Northern Europe. It consists mainly of
granite, gneiss, and glacial formations, the greater part
of which is poor soil for agricultural purposes. Lakes
and rivers are numerous, 11 per cent. of the surface
being water, or as much as 19 per cent. in Central
Finland, in Savolaks and Carelia. The lakes are large
hollows formed by the pressure of ice, as is the case in
Scotland, and are even more numerous than those in
Scotland, because the glaciation in Finland seems to
have taken place late, and the consequent formations
to be therefore in a relatively unfinished state. Land
and water are not yet fully separated. In addition to
the lakes, swamps and enormous bogs cover one-fifth
of the country, or nearly half in some parts of the
east and north. The surface consists of glacial
formations, partly changed by the action of the sea
after glaciation; that is of gravel formed of stones,
brash, pebbles, and sand, with a substratum of granite
rocks, and often littered with piles of loose boulders.
On the other hand there are also large plains, chiefly
formed in the post-glacial period when a part of the
country was covered by the sea, these plains being
clay and comparatively fertile. They are found chiefly
in Ostrobothnia and in the south, in Finland proper

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