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them. In New Jersey and Wisconsin the cranberry
marshes are sometimes cultivated; that is to say,
provided with a layer of sand, and kept under water during
certain periods to protect them against frost.
Considering the whole fruit trade, and especially the tinned
fruit trade of the United States, we cannot but wonder
whether this great abundance of berries in Northern
Europe might not be dealt with in the same manner,
and not as now be left to bring in merely a few
thousand marks. To make such an industry succeed it would
probably be necessary to remove the duty on tin and
tin-dipped iron for boxes, and to allow the free import
of sugar, or at least to pay the duty back in the case
of exports.
Nothing in Finland is more noticeable to the
foreigner than the waste of timber. Not long ago in
Northern Tavastland, and still later in Carelia, it was
thought good policy to burn the old pine woods simply
in order that they might be changed to pasture land
or into plantations of deciduous trees, which later
could be used in the so-called “svedja” agriculture.
Rather than lose the skin of a squirrel a hunter would
without hesitation fell the finest tree. Even to-day
an incredible waste goes on, trees being felled for the
construction of fences which, as in Sweden, are formed
of slanting posts; and yet more are felled for firewood.
The great mass of wood in Finland is used at home,
only a comparatively small part being exported. Out
of 19 million cubic metres, the minimum yearly crop,
more than 13 million metres is so consumed, besides
what the cottagers use in the government forests,
and in addition to more than 2 million cubic metres
used in factories, and on railways and steamers. Some
improvement is, however, visible; in especial the idea
of a necessary consumption has been changed, and it
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