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resinous trees. Terribly destructive winds also were
experienced in 1866, 1873, 1890, and 1897. The
gale of 1890 enabled the peasants in parts of Southern
Finland to get a good supply of wood with which to
build themselves houses.
Fortunately the law in Finland has not forbidden
grazing in the woods. This would have been an
unpractical restriction, impossible to maintain.
Cattle-grazing is also a considerable aid in the reproduction
of the forest. From the far north come complaints
of the reindeer interfering with young plants by
their trampling, and destroying great quantities of
young trees by scraping them with their horns. Here,
too, a certain amount of grazing is helpful to the
growing trees in places where there is an abundance of
reindeer lichen; but hard grazing dries up the soil, to
the great detriment even of the older trees. Hundreds
of thousands of spruce are felled to obtain lichen
during the winter when there is not enough on the
ground; special men are engaged on this work; but
it is no great loss, because they only cut down the
unhealthy valueless trees on the marshes. In some
northern districts an extravagant number of trees are
cut down to obtain small fir branches to place under
the cattle. Millions of cart-loads of moss are taken
away for the same purpose, or to fill up joints in
wooden buildings, but this does not hurt the forest.
We hear sometimes of damage done by pigs to the
growing woods near the villages; but every one knows
that it is especially the pasturage of sheep and horses
which does harm to the young plants. And as
complaints about the sheep have only come as yet
from the island of Åland, we realise that the
Finlanders are not very far advanced in the science of
forestry.
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