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over the iron-works were re-established. In the
nineteenth century, after the separation of Finland from
Sweden, the Swedish government forbade the export
of ore to Finland, and later only permitted the
export of a limited quantity, till in 1860 a more
liberal period began and restrictions were abolished;
nevertheless, during this time a number of
blast-furnaces were established. Now that Swedish ore
can be imported freely, it is only in Eastern Finland
that it pays to use Finnish ore, this latter being
partly taken from the lakes, where it is being
deposited by nature, partly from the hills, and a little
of the less valuable kind from the morasses; such
bog-ore having formerly been used in other countries
also. In 1889 Russian firms began to extract it
from the hill country near Välimäki on Lake Ladoga,
and in 1896 at the Pitkäranta copper mines. In
1899 some 8300 tons were extracted at Välimäki,
besides 4500 tons from the moors. Most of the
ore there, which is not at first rich enough to
pay for transport, is ground and treated by a new
electro-magnetic process, whose only drawback is
that it produces dust which is poisonous to the
workmen. At Pitkäranta 10,000 tons are extracted
yearly and treated by the wet process. The
whole mass, 24,000 tons, was formerly taken across
the lake into Russia; it is only recently that part of
the ore was treated at Pitkäranta. In 1899 some
17,000 tons of ore were imported from Sweden into
Western Finland. At Jussarö, experiments connected
with the great name of the late Baron Nordenskjöld
have been undertaken in regard to the extraction of
ore below the sea; it is an old mining enterprise
renewed, but probably will not succeed, as the ore is
not rich. In 1899 the ore from the lakes and moors
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