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and it is reckoned that by this arrangement, which
reduces the bulk by one-sixth, one-sixth of the cost of
export is saved. Planing-mills in Finland, however,
play a much less important part than those in Norway.
Joinery and cabinet-making has made progress,
producing a value of 3½ million marks, against 1½ million
in 1893. Some of the factories are of considerable
size, as for instance those of Sandviken and Sörnäs in
Helsingfors, Boman in Åbo, which produces some very
fine articles, and a house in Borgå which produces
even more artistic goods. Such goods, however, were
imported to the value of about a million marks in
1898, and very little was exported. We will not
discuss the influence on this industry of strong tariff
protection, which naturally leads it to work especially
for the home market. A large export can only be
created by producing large quantities of the same
goods. Big cities like Hamburg, of course, have a
great advantage, being centres of the commerce of the
world, whence goods can accordingly be distributed in
large and small quantities according to the demand.
Bobbins for the large spinning factories of England
and other parts of Western Europe are now partly
produced in Finland, the value being about 2 million
marks. The factories are large, and located in the
interior, where an abundance of birch is found, two
factories being owned by the Tornator Company at
Lahtis in Tavastland, and at Tainionkeski, near Imatra;
another by Colonel Standertskjöld, near Villmanstrand;
and there are several others.
The largest and most successful industry next to
the saw-mills and creameries is undoubtedly the
manufacture of pulp and paper, which at once uses the chief
raw material of the country, the timber, and at the
same time utilises a part of the enormous water-power
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