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which is otherwise little used. Altogether the
waterfalls of Finland now actually being used are estimated
to represent about 50,000 horse-power, and this
industry alone uses about 30,000. Whenever we
find one of these forty factories, we find a place with its
name ending in “koski,” the Finnish for waterfall. In
addition to supplying the inland demand, the factories
export goods to the value of between 17 and 18
million marks, the sum in 1899 being 18 millions.
The pulp factories, of which the first large one was
erected in 1865, and of which there are now twenty-five
in operation, are stated to produce 51,000 tons
of pulp, of the value of about 6 million marks; in
reality they produce much more, but no accurate
information is obtainable as to what is used in the
country. Two-fifths of the output is exported, half in
dry and half in wet pulp, and the latter export in
particular is increasing. Of the more valuable
cellulose, of which there are eight factories in operation,
about 14,000 tons were produced in 1898, the value
being 4 million marks, of which 2⅓ million marks’
worth was exported. At the same time the paper
factories continue to import cellulose. Of pasteboard
about 31,000 tons is produced, of the value of
4 millions, included in this being felt for roof-work,
and especially asphalt felt. The greater part of the
export consists of paper and pasteboard, among which
the more valuable kinds of writing paper and
cigarette paper have been of late considerably
increasing in value. Cardboard and the cheaper kinds
of paper have been increasing more in quantity
than in value. Paper is made in fourteen factories,
the export being 32,000 tons, of the value of over
14 million marks. Notwithstanding the import duty
in Russia, the imposition of which caused the
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