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to which must be added house-rent and firewood. In
the earthenware and china works an average of 666
and 1442 marks is paid, and at glass factories 949.
At the saw-mills the wages are higher, being 849
marks besides house-rent and firewood. At the iron
and engineering works comparatively high wages
prevail, the average being 895 at the former and
1087 at the latter, the high wages in the engineering
trade being due to the rapid progress which this
industry is making. In another chapter we have
mentioned agricultural wages, and pointed out that
even when we include in our calculation the larger
property holders and peasant proprietors, the average
income of a family in the country does not amount
to more than 786 marks a year. The above-mentioned
wages in the manufacturing trades, which it
must be remembered are the wages of individuals,
not of families, are therefore very favourable when
compared to the incomes of the agricultural classes.
The impression made on us by the appearance of
the factory hands in Finland, compared with that
made by country folk, is equally favourable. The
Finnish workmen have their faults; they are, for
instance, hardly as quick as those of the Western
countries; but they excel in other directions. They
stick more closely, for instance, to hard work.
Generally they are superior to the Russians, but
these latter are better at certain kinds of work in
the open air; for instance men from the province of
Jaroslav excel at all paving work; Russians are also
good gardeners. In some factories we have met men
who have been in the United States, and who are
clever at introducing new methods of work.
Women are employed in considerable numbers in
certain industries; in the textile mills, for instance,
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