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where two-thirds of the workers are women, and in
still larger numbers in the tobacco factories. The
progress of the textile industry would have been
impossible without women.
The law of 1889 with regard to child labour states
that children between twelve and fifteen may work
for seven hours a day, with half-an-hour’s rest for
meals, or 8½ hours when they have completed their
course at school. Children between fifteen and eighteen
may work for fourteen hours a day with two hours’
rest for meals. No children may work at night. At
first after the passing of this law their number decreased,
but the factories soon accommodated themselves to the
new regulations, and now children are employed in
even larger numbers than before, the girls especially
in weaving, the boys in glass factories.
A law of 1895, which came into operation in 1898,
compels a master to pay a workman who has been
incapacitated by accident, three-fifths of his wages
after the seventh day of the accident; and the master
must insure his workman for the same amount in case
of his being incapacitated for a longer time or for
life. In case of death, certain amounts are also paid
to the widow, and to children up to the age of fifteen
years.
Much good work is done by associations formed by
workmen themselves, as well as by private efforts
made by the masters on behalf of their men. In
Tammerfors, for instance, we have seen excellent
establishments, with libraries and well-arranged kitchens,
where the workmen meet and listen to music and
otherwise entertain themselves. Private schools of
various kinds have been established, and the
government also has organised schools, not only an ordinary
polytechnic institution for the heads and managers of
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