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censor; second, the allowed innocent belles-lettres and
purely technical works, yet with this limitation that
in the German Conversations-lexicons of Myers and
Brockhaus all the articles about Russia and all the
biographies of Russians are blackened over on account of the
spirit in which they are written, though they necessarily
contain almost nothing but known facts. The anxiety
even extends to foreign lands. In a French book which
was sent to me from Russia last year, the censor had
cut out a leaf, on which, as the context showed, was
something not unfavorable, but not absolutely favorable,
to the deceased Tsaritsa. Third, the last category of
books consists of those recommended for use in
educational establishments and schools for the common
people. An idea can easily be formed as to what these are.
The solicitude lest the popular standard of knowledge
should be raised is so great that obstacles are put in the
way of elementary instruction of the youngest children.
When, a few years since, a lady of high rank, of
whom nothing whatever of a revolutionary character
was known, the daughter of a well-known minister, who
under Alexander II. had carried through a legal reform,
a princess of great wealth, who could not possibly be
mistaken as having any wish to excite the peasants to
unlawful trespasses on foreign soil, wished to found an
orphan asylum in the country where she lived, she
sought permission for two years in vain and then
received a refusal. Leave must be asked in such cases,
and this kind of petition is not granted as a rule.
Thus it is no wonder that the condition of the
peasants in most respects makes an impression of profound
ignorance and of an Asiatic spirit of submission.
The lady of rank, on her estate, is greeted by every
peasant or workman, by every young or old woman of
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