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the Slavophiles, who, wholly in the spirit of these
Germans, demanded a purely Slavic culture and posed as the
representatives of the national principle in its full
sharpness. They cast longing looks back to the time of
Peter the Great. The Muscovite Russia was the home
of their thoughts and dreams. The horrible rule of
Iván the Terrible, in spite of everything, was dearer to
them than the modern liberalism, so destitute of character,
and parliamentarianism. Their most precious study
was Slavic antiquities, and they thought that they were
diving into the Russian national spirit when they had
dived deep into the Byzantine theology.
To that extent they substantially gave a voice to the
forces and efforts which had existed since the time of
Peter the Great. In those days there was no other
element of opposition than the Raskólnik, that is to say,
the old orthodox party, which, since the time of the
reformer Nikon, had seceded from the State Church and
been split up into numerous sects. The Patriarch Nikon
had wished to regulate the ceremonies of the church.
From his time on, the church demands that its followers
shall cross themselves with three fingers and say three
hallelujahs in succession, and fearful consequences have
overtaken those who resisted. But the Raskólnik have
defied the knout, exile, and execution for their conviction
that one ought to cross himself with two fingers and
only say two hallelujahs in succession. They have
allowed themselves to be burned alive for their conviction,
for they believed that they would suffer everlasting
damnation if they consented to the number three. It is
even only a year or two since that these sects have been
suffered to have their own chapels and pray as they
pleased — excepting, however, such sects as are still
declared to be dangerous and are persecuted. The most
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