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empire. To a certain extent the Slavophiles thus only
continued the agitation, which had been planted and had
reached maturity. This intellectual current must not be
confounded with the Panslavist, to which there is a
certain resemblance in name. The Panslavists themselves
have been European radicals like Bakunin, in so far as
they, in the service of the national cause, to the
advantage of the dissemination of the peculiar Russian
communism and association, wished the union of all the
Slavic races and the foundation of a great Slavic empire,
monarchical or republican. The Slavophiles, on the other
hand, have directed the most vigorous assaults towards
those sympathizing with the Poles in the west; they
represent the narrower Russian national feeling, and
like to look back to the old Byzantine basis of culture
and faith for the Russian national life.[1]
If we turn back now to our starting-point, the
comparison between the Russian and Polish intelligence, we
shall see that the Russian intelligence is obliged to make
almost as painful a choice of forces as the Polish. The
dilemma of the modern Polish patriot is this, that, if he
decides to labor uncompromisingly for progress, he
undermines the Catholic Church, and thereby, for the time
being, the Polish nationality, and labors in reality for
the oppressive government, — the force at hand most
hostile to himself and to progress of every kind. If, on
the other hand, he chooses intellectual stagnation, he
plainly sees the danger that the nationality, which is
protected thereby, and of which they were and are so
proud, will fall behind in European culture, and become
antiquated and outstripped.[2] The corresponding dilemma
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