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set all thought in vibration, a regulation for the
government of the universities was published, which deprived
the students of all the liberties previously given them,
and cut off their hopes of obtaining any of those which
they had been led to anticipate. They were deprived of
the liberty of holding meetings, forbidden to have charity
funds, and, in order to reduce their number, each
student was required to pay a fee of fifty silver rubles each
semester. In all the university cities, in Moscow as well
as in St. Petersburg, in Kief as well as in Kharkof, the
young men refused to submit to the new rules.
Conflicts with the police and the military followed.
In 1862 the irritation in Russia reached its height.
In various parts of St. Petersburg there was a series of
fearful conflagrations which indicated the breaking loose
of revolutionary instincts. The government interfered,
established a summary court for incendiaries, closed the
Sunday schools and other institutes and clubs, put
restraints upon the press, made the censorship more rigorous.
Thus when the baleful blindness of the Polish
demagogues and the indiscreet and cruel measures of the
noble Wielopolski against the dangerous spirit of
rebellion in Poland brought about the outbreak of the Polish
insurrection, it was the event from which all the re-actionary
lusts and powers in Russia were to imbibe new force.
Up to this time, Alexander Herzen had been the hero
of cultured Russia. He had continually manifested a
lively sympathy for oppressed Poland, treated its cause
as his own and as that of his friends. He now
expressed himself warmly in behalf of the revolt, even
after the protecting attitude of the powers of the west
and their threatening mien towards Russia (which made
the Polish nobility, with Zamoiski at their head, conquer
their scruples against an alliance with the popular leaders
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