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independent courts, no genuine seminaries of learning, no
schools in the proper sense.
During the whole of the reign of this Tsar the
enormous Siberia has been denied the permission to found
even a single university. It was feared that it would
give Asiatic Russia too much independence. Permission
has only just been given for the foundation of a
university at Tomsk, which, in the present circumstances,
is of hardly any importance.
All knowledge is dreaded. The most recent circular
(illegal, but carried into effect), which after Katkóf’s
death was prepared by the curator in Odessa, makes it
the duty of the school committees to decide whether the
parents are sufficiently well off for the children to be
admitted to a grammar school. They are required to
ask how the parents live, in what kind of a house and
of how many rooms, how much money they earn annually,
and who their friends are.
The universities are closed at the least sign of a
disturbance. This happened to all the universities in Russia
proper in the spring of 1888, after the unimportant affair
of Brysgalof’s box on the ear at Moscow; St. Petersburg,
Moscow, Kazan, Kharkof, and Odessa were at once closed
for fear of students’ pranks.
Since then the curator of the universities in Odessa
has prepared a new circular, in which it is said: “Since
several instructors have allowed themselves publicly to
express their thoughts without the reservations which
are due to their position in the educational system, and
without feeling themselves bound by the duties of the
service when the question turned upon something which
had no direct connection with this service, — and since
they have even appeared as recognized organs for
certain circles of society, have taken part in party debates,
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