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- XV. Later Sects
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CHAPTER XV.
LATER SECTS.
Close Connection between Social Conditions and Religious
Development—The Upper Classes and the People—The Schalaputi—Religious
Tenets—Communism—Conscience the Sole Lawgiver—Molokhani and
Dukhobortsi—The Stundists; their Origin—Leiter from a Persecuted
Adherent—Testimonies to the Moral Life of Stundists—The Missionary
Gathering in St. Petersburg—Bishop Nikanor—Outrages in
Kiev—Prince Khilkov’s Letters—General Ustimovitch’s Protest—Character
Sketches—Ivan Tchaika—Ustim Dolgolenko—Panass Pantilimonovitch
Tolupa.
When writing of the older sects, such as the Nje Nashi,
Skoptsi, and Samoistrebitjeli, we had occasion to remark on
the close connection between the social, economic, and
governmental conditions of Russia, and the rise and
development of these persecuted religionists. The student of Russian
Nonconformity will find that this inter-relation holds good
with regard to the later sects also; this is made abundantly
clear by the great authorities such as Prugavin, Alvamov,
Livanov, and others, who have written on the sectarian
movement with painstaking research and great insight, and
whose pages we have largely consulted, both to correct
personal impressions and to study their history. On the one
hand is the emptiness and artificiality of upper-class life, with
all kinds of unnatural stimulants and consequent weariness
and ennui, and on the other, the crying inequality, oppression,
and injustice, with their consequent degradation, endured by
the masses. These are clearly mirrored in the various phases
of Russian sectarianism to-day, each of which is, in its way,
an attempt to remedy the evils of human life.
Among the devotees drawn from the upper classes, whether
belonging to the older and more or less fanatical
“Flagellators” and “Mutilators” (many aristocratic persons are
known to have joined these), or to the modern
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