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1912] RETROSPECT 41
Balkans, which would constitute a sphere for Russian
influence.
V. War in the East and the creation of the Bulgaria
of San Stefano, the Bulgaria of General Ignatieff,
including the whole of Macedonia, closing Salonika, as an
outlet, to the Austrians, and the Nish Valley to the
Serbians. Revision of the Treaty of San Stefano in
Berlin, and considerable restrictions in the boundaries of
Bulgaria. Count Schuvaloff, in answer to the
lamentations of M. Ristitch, the Serbian Plenipotentiary, advises
him to come to an understanding with Austria, and he
is perfectly right, in view of the concessions granted
by us to Austria-Hungary at Reichstadt. Impressed
by these warlike events and by these clauses in the
agreements, Serbia and her young King begin practically
to submit to the predominating influence of Austria. In
the meantime, Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia appear to be
genuinely devoted to Russia and amenable to our advice.
VI. (1880-1886). An era of internal political quarrels
in Bulgaria, in which we take an active part, begins to
disturb Russo-Bulgarian relations. The change of reign
in Russia, and the faults of Prince Alexander cause us
to dislike the latter. Abandoned by Russia, threatened
in Bulgaria, the Prince abruptly changes his policy,
discards his absolutist tendencies, calls a Radical
Government into power, seeks English protection, and
to satisfy national wishes, invades Eastern Rumelia.
King Milan of Serbia, under pressure from Austria,
turns against his neighbour and declares war on him.
This unfair and fratricidal blow does not succeed ; the
Serbians are defeated at Slivnitza, the Bulgarians occupy
Pirot, and are only stopped before the gates of Nish by
European interposition. These events, however,
constitute a real misfortune for the Slav cause in the
Balkans, as they inaugurate a long era of distrust and
estrangement between the two adjacent countries.
VII. During the next few years and up till 1896 the
Serbians take advantage of the complete breach between
Russia and the Bulgaria of Stamboulov to enhance in
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