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climate of the present day. Still it is noteworthy that the climate
immediately before the present has been somewhat more genial
than it is now. It is not the marine fossil fauna alone which
shows that, but the fact that the forests, as shown by roots and
stems in the peat mosses, have grown to greater heights on the
mountains than they do nowadays points in the same direction.
The «strand-lines» or «raised beaches» which are especially
well developed along the outer parts of our northern fjords, are
clear proofs of the former lower position of the land, even to an
ordinary observer. Some of these are shelves exceedingly nicely
cut in the rock along the steep sides of the fjords. The waves
and floating ice have probably worked together.
The «strandlines» slope distinctly from the inner part of the
fjords downwards to the outer coast. In the region of Tromsø
there are two «raised beaches»; the upper one slopes somewhat less
than 1 meter in 1 kilometer (1 in 1000), the lower one slopes
about 4 meters in 1 kilometer (1 in 250).
There has not been a continuous rise of the land but several
oscillations. A rise of the land within historic time has not, at
any place, been proved by undoubted facts.
Quite another kind of «strandlines» occurs in some high
valleys on the southern side of the Dovre mountains. They have
been formed in ice-dammed lakes like the «Parallel Roads» of
Lochaber in Scotland.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The first Norwegian geologist was J. Esmark, Professor at the University
of Kristiania. He was one of the pioneers in the study of the phenomena of the
Ice Age, for he, as far back as in 1824, pointed out proofs of a former glaciation
of Norway. His Norwegian paper was reprinted in English in «The Edinburgh
New Philosophical Journal» 1826—27. «Remarks tending to explain the geological
history of the earth».
Esmark’s successor in the geological chair was B. M. Keilhau, to whom
is due a valuable geological map of Norway and a special map of the Kristiania
district. The maps are annexed to his work «Gæa norvegica» (in German). Kristiania
1850. He held peculiar ideas about the Kristiania eruptive rocks, which he regarded
as formed by some sort of metamorphosis out of the stratified Silurian rocks.
His successor Th. Kjerulf gave a correct explanation of the relations of
the eruptive rocks and the Silurian in «Das Kristiania Silurbecken».
Universitetsprogram 1855. Kristiania 1855 (German).
Dr. W. C. Brøgger has been Professor of Geology at the University after
Kjerulf and has at the same time worked for the Geological Survey. The chief
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