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- Social Conditions, by H. E. Berner
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degree in Norway also, and has led to results that may be
considered favourable. The question of insurance against want of
employment has, however, not yet been formulated in any motion.
In several towns the municipality has established employment
bureaus, where seekers for work may apply for work to employers
who require them. A motion for the establishment of municipal
employment bureaus such as these is being drawn up by the
government. Several municipalities have also organised arbitration
courts to mediate in differences between employers and employed.
POOR-LAWS.
With the more humane conception of the social question and
the efforts to help those who are not able to help themselves,
a need has been felt of revising the old Poor-laws. Only those
who entirely lack the means of subsistence, and who are unable
to earn them, and cannot, either by private or public agency, be
placed in a position to help themselves, are subjects of public
provision for the poor. On the other hand, the public charities
are neither obliged nor entitled to support healthy, able-bodied
persons. These may be referred to workhouses which the
municipality has to erect; in the larger municipalities there are also
municipal employment bureaus, where the unemployed can apply
in order to obtain work. In every municipality there is a Board
of Guardians, «fattigkommission», consisting of the parish priest,
a police officer, and several men chosen by the Local Board.
Every poor district may be subdivided into several circles, each
with its inspector. A two-years’ residence in a district is required,
as a rule, to gain the right of settlement there. The cost of
maintenance of pauper lunatics or persons who have no right of
settlement is borne wholly or partially by the Exchequer. The
average expenditure for every principal person (about 81,000),
to whom assistance is given, amounts to rather more than 84 kr.
annually, or divided among the population, about 3.30 kr. per
head. Most of the parish relief falls of course to those social
strata where financial conditions are, on the whole, least
favourable. More than half of the cases where relief is given, or
about 60 per cent, are due to the illness of the bread-winner
or of his family; 10 or 11 per cent are due to the infirmity
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