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brick-fields, 79 tobacco-factories, 61 malt-mills, 29 rope-walks, etc.,
and almost all these works were carried on in an artisan way.
The textile industry was still almost exclusively carried on in
the houses of correction, where machine power was unknown,
and there was not a single machine factory. In the forties,
however, good progress was made, so that the important
branches of textile and metal manufacturing commenced to attain a
certain prominence at the very beginning of the second half of
the century. Most vigorous, however, was the growth of industry
during the years 1865 to 1875, when several new branches
of industry, some of which were afterwards to play a more
prominent part in our export, were awakened to new life or appeared
for the first time. Thus the match-factories, which in 1850
employed 30 labourers, in 1875 gave employment to 1293
individuals, and the breweries, which, about the middle of the century
employed only 175 men, had grown in 1875 to employ 1407 men,
partly in consequence of the very pronounced decrease in the
distillation of liquor, due to a change of legislation which took
place after the year 1845. During this period, the production of
nails and horse-shoe nails for export purposes commenced to attain
a certain prominence: but a new branch of industry which
appeared in the country in the sixties viz. the production of wood
pulp, was of much greater importance for the future economic
and industrial development of the country than the
above-mentioned branches. The first wood-pulp mill in Norway was
established in 1863, and was calculated to supply what was required for
home consumption only; and it was only in 1868 that the first
pulp-mill for exporting purposes was established. In addition
to this, we shall only mention the development which the saw-mill
industry had on account of the complete repeal of the old saw-mill
privileges, and the development due to the introduction of
planing-machines. At the same time several of those branches of industry
which, up to that time, had been chiefly carried on by individual
artisans, such as rope production, tanning, brick-making, etc.,
underwent a development in the direction of a consolidation and
the use of machinery in the production.
The second half of the seventies was a period of industrial
decline, which the following five years were only able to neutralise.
During the years 1886—90, on the other hand, the development
was favourable, but this period was followed by a period of
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