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34. In the oldest norsk language there were long and single vowels before ng, nk, these changed according to the above rule, as: langt, löngu, lengi, in latter times these vowels were modified into diphthongs and changed thus: lángt, laungu, leingi. 35. Sometimes there is no modification even if i follows, nor if even the vowel on other occasions is changed in its root, as: land, Dative landi; nafn, - nafni, and þánki, thought kappi, fighter, although: ek þeinki, I think, ek keppist, I fight are used. The reason of this appears to be that in such cases the vowel of the termination was not i but e, as we frequently find it in manuscripts thus: lande, nafne, þanke, kappe. 36. In the same way o is often found in terminations instead of u, particularly, so it appears, if the chief syllable received no modification of this kind, as: ero, váro, þíngom etc. But according to rule, there is a difference in such endings between e and i, o and u. 37. There are many kinds of modification in the conjugation of the verbs, which will be mentioned in the proper place. 38. Amongst the consonants change: ndt into tt as: batt, bandt; satt, sandt. ngk — kk — sprakk, sprang; ekkja, Enke. 39. nr into nn as: steinn, steinr; seinn, seinr; seinna, sein-ra. lr into ll, as: hóll, for hólr, sælli for sæl-ri. 40. v is dropped at the beginning of words before o, u, y and r, as: verð, varð, urðu, yrði, orðit; as also: hverf, hvarf, hurfu, hyrfi, horfit; rángt, vrangt, reiði, Vrede, But we find that the Ancients frequently did not drop the v, as: vurðu, vyrði, vordit.
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