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“The powers declare... by a permanent
act that the permanent neutrality and
inviolability of Switzerland, as well as its
independence of foreign influence, accords with the true
interests of European policy.[1]
The Neutralization of Belgium. In
virtue of the Treaty of London, Nov. 15th,
1831 (art. vii.), further confirmed by the
powers April 19th, 1839, a permanent
neutrality was awarded to Belgium.
This country, which for centuries had served
as a battle-ground for foreign powers, especially
for France and Germany, was hereby secured
against such dangers, and at the same time
the field for European warfare was materially
narrowed.
Article vii. of the London protocol runs
thus: “Belgium shall, within the boundaries
established in art. i. and iv., form an
independent State. The kingdom is bound to observe
the same neutrality towards all States.[2]
During the Franco-German war 1870–1, the
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