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VI
than the exploits of war, have borne rich
harvests, not only in scientific improvement and the
development of trade, but also in raising a
feeling of greater respect for the dignity of man,
by a more careful attention to the enlightenment
and welfare of the lower classes.
Noble exertions have been made even for
such as have gone astray in the paths of vice,
whom we have begun to consider less as outlaws
or as beings for ever expelled from society, than
as misled, fallen fellow-creatures, for whose
reclamation and improvement we feel ourselves
called on to think and to act. It has been seen,
that the duty of society is not only to resent
and punish the crimes committed, but also
carefully to seek out their causes, and, so far as it
is in human power, to remove them. It was
found that, as crime and moral depravity
generally rise in the footsteps of ignorance and
poverty, the public security ought, in the first
place, to be sought in a more religious and
intellectual education, and in well directed
endeavours to obtain for the working poor, instead of
the cloister alms before applied to, means of
getting work and advantageous employment. In
the same proportion the idea of the true nature
of punishment became clearer, and attempts were
made, to remove its debasing effects, without
weakening its warning power, and to make it at
once admonishing and improving.
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