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II. CHAPTER.
THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE
CORRECTION-SYSTEM.
—
Although the Penitentiary-or Correction-system
has still, in general, so low a position in Europe,
that a prison, well arranged according to its spirit,
may be considered in most countries as an
uncommon exception, above six decennia have
nevertheless passed, since the first attempts were made in
this way. It was in 1772 that the Diet in
Flanders established a house of correction in Ghent.
Count Vilain XIV says in his memorial to the
assembly: that those bandits, who alarmed the
husbandman, were such criminals as had been
condemned to exile, whipping or branding; that these
punishments did not improve, and were to no
purpose. This distinguished man paid a degree of
attention, before unknown, to the care and
improvement of the prisoners, and that with so much
success, that when the renowned Howard visited this
prison in 1776, he gave the most advantageous
testimony of the order, industry and cleanliness, which
prevailed there. This etablishment declined
afterwards under the Emperor Joseph II, who
thoughtlessly enough paid attention to the petitions of some
interested persons, who considered that their trade
suffered through the manufactures carried on in
the house of correction.
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