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of the foreigners came to contend with the foreigners
that were in Ireland before them;" and, in 850,
"the Dubhgoill arrived in Athcliath (Dublin) and
slaughtered the Finghoill." The Ulster Annals name
the Lochlanns in 839, and the Black and White
Gaill in 847. Now Duald Mac Firbis says, "The
writings of the Irish call a Lochlannaigh by the
name Goill : they also call some of them Dubhlochlannaigh,
i.e. black Gentiles, which was applied to
the Danes of Dania, i.e. Denmark : Finn-Lochlannaigh,
i.e. fair Gentiles, i.e. the people of Ioruaighe, i.e. the
people of Norwegia:" and Keating explained Lochlonnaigh (sic) as
"powerful on lakes or on the sea,"
from lonn, strong ; and gave the name to the Danes
(quoted in O’Donovan’s Four Masters, p. 616). Still
the name of Lochlann seems to have been used as a
geographical expression ; but if it means "the country
of lochs," early Irish geography may have applied
it to Denmark, where the Limafjord and the Belts
are land-locked waters, as characteristic as the fjords
of Norway. If Duald Mac Firbis is right, the word
Dubhlochlannaigh shows that there was no distinction
at first in the minds of the Irish between Norway
and Denmark. Fuarlochlann, the cold Lochlann, is
used by him, perhaps for Norway. Prof. S. Bugge,
however, finds in the name Onphile jarla (Wars of
the Gaedhil, 845 a.d.) "Án Fila-jarl," earl of the
Fjala-folk (north of Sogne-fjord) in Norway ; which, if
established, is remarkable (see A. Bugge’s Vesterlandenes
Indfl., p. 108).
The name Viking (wīcing) is used once in English
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