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120

(1908) [MARC] [MARC] Author: William Gershom Collingwood With: Frederick York Powell
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the land was already filled with population, and not so
completely ravaged as to need fresh colonisation, the
new owners simply carried on the "going concern"
under the old name : in many parts, however, we find
groups of Scandinavian place-names so close and thick
that we must assume either depopulation by war or
the nearly complete absence of previous population.
There is no reason to suppose that the earlier Vikings
depopulated the country they ravaged ; they came for
spoil, and the slaughter was an incident. Canon
Atkinson has shown, by his analysis of the area in
Cleveland under cultivation at Domesday time, that
very little of the countryside in that district was other
than forest or moor even at the end of the eleventh
century, and that most of the villages then existing
had Scandinavian names. His conclusion is that
Cleveland was a wilderness, first penetrated (since
prehistoric and Roman days) by the Danes and
Norse, except for a few clearings such as Crathorne,
Stokesley, Stainton and Easington, besides the old
monastery at Whitby.

This conclusion receives curious support from an
analysis of the sculptured stones now to be seen at
old churchyard sites in Cleveland. It is only at
Yarm, Crathorne, Stainton, Easington, and Whitby
that we find monuments of the pre-Viking age, and
these are products of the latest Anglian period ;
at Osmotherley, Ingleby Arncliffe, Welbury, Kirklevington,
Thornaby, Ormesby, Skelton, Great Ayton,
Kirkdale and Kirkby-in-Cleveland are tombstones of
the tenth and eleventh centuries. It is obvious that

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