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III. THE NORSE SETTLEMENTS
So far, we have considered only the Scandinavian
immigration from the east – settlers, chiefly Danish,
who colonised the shores of the North Sea and
penetrated Britain halfway across, or in one part more and
in another less than halfway. We have now to deal
with the counter current of invasion from the west – of
settlers, chiefly Norse, who made homes on the
coasts of the Irish Sea. In Northumbria they met
the streams from the east, interpenetrated the Danish
settlements, and, though late in the history of Scandinavian
colonisation, made their way, as we have just
seen, across Yorkshire. In Scotland they formed the
bulk of Scandinavian element in the population. But
all the shores of the Irish Sea, and its continuations
north and south, were visited by them and retain traces
of their presence. The difficulty in treating the subject
as matter of history is great, for there are no sufficiently
full and consecutive annals of these regions which lie
between England and Ireland; we get little more
than occasional hints, and the evidences of place-names
and archæology; but still it is possible to
sketch the general course and extent of the movement.
The Viking kingdoms in Ireland cannot be rightly
included in a review of Scandinavian Britain, and this
omission narrows the range of a subject, already too
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