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extensive, and complicated into (1) the settlements
in Wales, (2) those in Lancashire and Cheshire,
(3) Cumberland and Westmorland, (4) Dumfriesshire
and Galloway, (5) Man and the Isles, and (6) the
Earldom of Orkney, including the neighbouring mainland
and the Shetland Isles. It is not our object to
write the histories of these six or more provinces or
kingdoms, but without some brief reference to the
sequence of events it would be hardly possible to
explain the circumstances of the settlements.
1. Wales.
At the beginning of the Viking Age, Cornwall was
"West Wales," and we have seen how Danes from
Ireland tried to get a footing among the natives, but
were overthrown at the battle of Hengston Down.
From the many occasions on which Vikings attacked
Cornwall, Devon, and the neighbouring shires, it could
be inferred that they left signs of settlement, and it is
no surprise to find a church dedicated to St. Olaf in
Exeter, and another, St. Olave’s, at Poughill in
Cornwall. But among the many grave-crosses there are
few which can be said with certainty to be of
Scandinavian workmanship. In Mr. A. G. Langdon’s volume
on Old Cornish Crosses, Cardynham No. 3, with its
chain-ring pattern, seems to be a tenth-century
monument of the Norse type found in Northumbria, and
the Lanivet hogback with the bears presents some
resemblances to the bear-hogbacks of Danish type in
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