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the Anglian Bebbingas who may have held it before
Hástein’s time. A place called Brimstage, anciently
Brunstath (but not a "staithe") or Brynston, shows
that stadr and tún were convertible terms,
"Well-stead," or "Well-ton." Storeton may be Stór-tún,
"big field," or the first element may be from stord,
"coppice," as in Storth, Storthes and Storrs in the
Lake District. Oxton lying on the saddle of a long
ridge (ok) must be Oks-tún, "the farm on the yoke,"
grammatically named. As time went on, secondary
settlements must have been formed, as we saw in
Lincolnshire. The younger sons of a bóndi, or his
freedmen, would receive bits of less valuable ground
inland. A name like Irby, though in Yorkshire perhaps
derived from a settler Ivar, might be Ira-bær, the
farm of the Irishmen, perhaps dependents of the owner
of Thorstein’s tún, above which it lies. Raby (similar
names occur in Cumberland, Isle of Man, Lancashire
and Denmark,) means a farm on the boundary of, or
wedged in between, two greater estates.
Around these farmsteads were the acres where they
sowed "big and barr," and the pastures recognised by
-well and -wall, as Crabwall, Krapp-völlr, "narrow
field"; Thingwall, as already noted, Thing-vellir,
"parliament fields." Each estate had its woods, such
as Birket (birk-with) for fuel, and the termination
-grave may mean charcoal-pits or turbaries for peat (cf.
Kolgrafafjord, Iceland, as well as A.-S. gräf, "grove").
A field that slopes from a hill to a swamp is called in
Iceland thveit ; the word "thwaite" in the Lake District
denotes more than a mere clearing or cut-off place, and
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